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How Oxygen Works in Wound Healing

By jgonzalesbda - Mar 16 ,2017 - in Therapy Info

1. Increases Cell Metabolism and Energy

Oxygen is required for intracellular processes like biosynthesis, movement, and transport need
energy to be functional, as well as for cell survival

  • Oxygen dependent enzymes include:
    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for chemical energy, which fuels most active cellular
      processes such as during wound healing.10 Increased energy demand of the healing tissue leads to a hypermetabolic state wherein additional energy is generated from oxidative metabolism increasing the oxygen demand of the healing tissue. 11,12,13,14ATP
      thus generated powers tissue repair
    • NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxygenase for respiratory burst
      (reactive oxygen species release), the activity of which is critically required to produce
      the redox signals required for wound healing 15,16,17
  • Aerobic glycolysis, b-oxidation of fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle are tightly attached to the energy acquisition by oxidative phosphorylation and are therefore oxygen dependent 6
  • If oxygen levels are too low (<20 mmHg pO2), cells convert to anaerobic metabolism and go into survival mode in which wound healing activities such as mitosis (cell division, and therefore reepithelialization) and collagen production are impaired 19,20,21
  • Prolonged exposure to extremely low oxygen levels, if not alleviated by oxygen, can result in cell death and tissue necrosis due to the inability of the cells to repair the spontaneous decay of cell components (DNA, RNA, proteins) and inability to maintain calcium pumps which
    require ATP to function 22,23

2. Faster Closure (up to 4.6x faster than placebo control)

Increasing oxygen levels results in faster cell proliferation, reepithelialization and collagen formation

  • The continuous, topical addition of pure oxygen (CDO therapy) over diabetic wounds has been shown to increase the rate of wound closure, by as much as 460% relative to moist wound therapy 24,25,26,27,28,29
  • Adding oxygen improves closure in wounds that are larger, more chronic and weightbearing, 25,27 as well as those that are deeper 30
  • CDO therapy has been shown to achieve full wound healing in a variety of wounds that were resistant to other advanced therapy treatments 24,2526,27,30,31,32,39,40
  • CDO has been shown to increase growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF & IGF-1) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 & CXCL8) involved in cell proliferation, reepithelialization and collagen formation in excess of 800% in one week 33
  • Fibroblast proliferation and protein production have been reported to be optimal at 160 mmHg, i.e. at pO2 levels 2-fold to 3-fold higher than those found in healthy tissues 34, indicating that supplemental oxygen increases the rate of tissue repair
  • Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are essential in wound healing, but their circulating and wound level numbers are decreased in diabetes. Elevated oxygen levels (hyperoxia) reverse the diabetic defect in EPC mobilization 35
  • EPC mobilization into circulation is triggered by hyperoxia through induction of nitric oxide (NO) with resulting enhancement in ischemic limb perfusion and wound healing 36,37,38

3. Rapid Pain Relief (as fast as complete pain relief within hours)

Increasing oxygen levels relieves hypoxic pain resulting in significant pain reduction –patients have been reported to experience complete pain relief within several hours

  • The addition of a continuous flow of pure oxygen over a variety of tissue types has been shown to significantly decrease pain in short time frames – over half of the 20 patients experienced at least a 75% reduction in pain within 4 days 39
  • With a patient serving as her own control, CDO had reduced pain from 8 to 2 and she had ceased pain medication. She removed CDO for a few days and the pain increased to 10. Upon reapplying CDO, pain quickly reduced to 2 again. 40
  • In a study of 10 patients with venous ulcers, CDO therapy was reported to significantly (P < .009) reduce pain in a six-week period. The corresponding mean reduction in wound size was 58.9%. 41
  • Several case series reviews report significant pain reduction in very painful wounds. 42,43

4. Greater Tissue Perfusion & Angiogenesis

  • The creation of new blood vessels, angiogenesis, is essential to the growth and survival of repair tissue. Oxygen levels directly affect the rate and quality of new blood vessel growth
  • Sufficient oxygen levels are required for correct collagen synthesis (posttranslational hydroxylation) 44, without which the new capillary tubes assemble poorly and remain fragile 45,46,47
  • CDO has been shown to increase growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF & IGF-1) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 & CXCL8) involved in angiogenesis in excess of 800% in one week 33
  • CDO increases tissue oxygenation and decreases deoxyhemoglobin content 48
  • Supplemental oxygen accelerates blood vessel growth 49
  • Moderate hyperoxia increases the appearance of new blood vessels in wounds 50
  • The rate of angiogenesis is directly proportional to oxygen levels in injured tissues and rates of collagen deposition increase proportionally with oxygen levels to more than 250 mmHg 46
  • Conversely, hypoxic wounds deposit collagen poorly and become infected easily 51,52

5. Naturally Antibacterial

Oxygen is essential for respiratory burst, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), used by
phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages in bactericidal activity and the removal of
necrotic cellular debris

  • NADPH oxidase, also known as leukocyte oxidase, supports macrophage survival (delay of
    apoptosis) 53 and enables dead cell cleansing by phagocytosis 54
  • NADPH oxidase in wound phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, produces superoxides (O−2 and H2O2) for bactericidal activities 55 – in fact, ~98% of oxygen consumed
    by these cells is used to produce ROS during phagocytosis 56
  • Leukocyte activity (production of ROS and hence oxidative killing) is directly proportional to
    local oxygen concentration 57,58
  • Optimal ROS production is seen at oxygen levels of greater than 300 mmHg 56, levels which
    can only be achieved with supplemental oxygen 59
  • At the wound site, ROS are generated by almost all wound-related cells 7
  • The efficacy of supplemental oxygen has been shown to be similar to antibiotic administration
    and has additive effects when used together 60,61

6. Increases Collagen Synthesis and Tensile Strength

Oxygen is essential to make and properly organize collagen, which is the primary component of skin, accounting for 70-80% (dry weight without water) and acts as the structural scaffold of skin.
Organized collagen is bundled into fibers (like strands in rope), which are interwoven and can be stretched in multiple directions without tearing (the collagen fibers are woven similar to fabric)

  • Oxygen is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in procollagen 62
  • Several posttranslational steps in collagen synthesis are oxygen dependent. The enzymes prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase all require oxygen 7,64,65
    • Formation of cross-linked triple-helices via the oxygen-dependent enzyme prolyl hydroxylase and excreted as collagen fibers
    • Collagen fibers are arranged into linear fibrils via cross-linking by lysyl hydroxylase
    • Linear fibrils are cross-linked by lysyl oxidase – a necessary step to achieve the necessary tensile strength for healed wounds
  • Increasing oxygen increases the amount of collagen deposition 52 and tensile strength 66,67,68
  • The rate limiting step is the rate of prolyl hydroxylation 64,65
  • The oxygen level required for optimal prolyl hydryoxlase activity is at oxygen levels approaching 250 mmHg, exceeding those present in normal wounds 69,70
  • CDO has been shown to increase growth factors (TGF-β & VEGF) and cytokines (TNF-α & IL-6) involved in collagen synthesis & remodeling in excess of 800% in one week 33
  • Increasing oxygen levels enhances collagen synthesis and tensile strength in both animal and human subjects 66,67,68 and can increase the level of collagen organization 29
  • CDO has been shown to result in reduction of scarring 72
  • Correction of vasoconstriction and hypoxia can result in a 10-fold increase in collagen deposition in wound repair 52,67,73,74

7. Promotes Growth Factor Signaling Transduction

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for signaling processes of growth factors, leukocyte recruitment, cell motility, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix formation

  • Signal transduction of growth factors happens through ROS 75
  • ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in macrophages and keratinocytes 76,77
  • VEGF is a major long-term angiogenic stimulus at the wound site and oxygen treatment:
    • induces VEGF mRNA levels in endothelial cells and macrophages 78,79,80
    • increases VEGF121/165 protein expression in wounds81 and facilitates the release of VEGF 165 from cell-associated stores 82
  • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) requires ROS in its role to regulate cell growth and division 83, and PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) 63
  • ROS has effects on cytokine action, cell motility and extracellular matrix formation 15
  • CDO has been shown to increase growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF & IGF-1) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 & CXCL8) involved in signaling transduction in excess of 800% in one week 33
  • Conversely, tissue hypoxia will limit redox signaling and disable the function of several growth factors (e.g., PDGF, VEGF, keratinocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor-a) and numerous molecular mechanisms (e.g., leukocyte recruitment, cell motility, integrin function), which rely on redox signaling 17,84,85

NOTES

  • Text from some citations is directly extracted from the referenced literature without quotations

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